Category Archives: Funding

States Revise Tentative BEAD Awards: MN must work on bids over $10,000 per passing

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I’ve shared this news but sometimes, it’s good to see how it gets framed and shared other places too; Broadband Breakfast reports…

Eight states have revised their tentative awards under the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment program. Some made minor changes and others had material reductions in locations being served or money being spent.

And specifically about MN…

Meanwhile, Minnesota revealed costs thresholds NTIA is using to push spending down: Those from $10,000 to $20,000 per passing require written justification, those from $20,000 to $23,000 have to be negotiated down to $20,000, and those above $23,000 had to be renegotiated in three days. The state said it was given official notice on Monday.

US-wide BEAD award has been 46 percent of original allocation – in MN that was 58 percent

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Telecompetitor reports…

Most states (45 as of Friday) have released their recommended awards in the Benefit of the Bargain round in the Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment (BEAD) Program. The total value of the award recommendations for those states is less than half of initial allocations, according to a Telecompetitor analysis.

The initial allocation for the 45 states was about $32.8 billion. The total value of the award recommendations for the states is about $15.2 billion, or about 46% of the initial allocation.

Here is the allocation versus award by state:

Minnesota places well above average at 57.8 percent (versus US wide percentage of 46 percent) and ranks 12 in terms of percentage retained. But that could continue to change…

It’s important to keep in mind that the states’ recommendations for BEAD awards are not final. The recommendations still must be approved by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), which is rumored to be seeking reductions to the award amounts.

EVENT Sep 30: BEAD Deployment: Preparing to Connect the Heartland Once and For All

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From Heartland Forward …

Join Heartland Forward on Tuesday, September 30th at 10 AM CST for a 60-minute webinar, BEAD Deployment: Preparing to Connect the Heartland Once and For All.

This conversation will:

  •  Provide an overview of how heartland states plan to deploy federal funding to deliver high-speed internet to all communities.
  •  Offer practical steps local governments, ISPs and community leaders can take, such as streamlining permitting and infrastructure approvals, to accelerate deployment when funding arrives.
  •  Highlight resources like the Connecting the Heartland Jobs Board, connecting workers to high-speed internet jobs and training opportunities to support rapid deployment.

Featured Speakers:

  •  Mary Larkin Furlow – Senior Manager of Connecting the Heartland, Heartland Forward
  •  Devon Braunstein – Director, Illinois Office of Broadband
  •  Kathryn de Wit – Project Director, Broadband Access, The Pew Charitable Trusts
  •  Glen Howie – State Broadband Director, The Arkansas State Broadband Office
  •  Veneeth Iyengar – Executive Director, ConnectLA
  •  Mike Sanders – Executive Director, Oklahoma Broadband Office
  •  Peter Voderberg – Chief, BroadbandOhio

Register here for the webinar.

 

Please share this invitation with others who are invested in connecting every home, business and community in the heartland. Together, we can ensure that every heartland community has the high-speed internet access it needs to thrive.

Office of Broadband Development Office hours Sep 24: BEAD updates and federal permitting

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Almost 50 people attended the Office of Broadband Development Office hours this week to get updates on BEAD. Also, Megan Messerol, the Land Use Permitting Expert at OBD spoke about rules for federal funding related to land and permits. People had good questions and OBD made clear that they are happy to have open conversations with all partners. NTIA has the final say, so OBD may not always have an immediate answer but tonight we can find it.

I livestreamed the session – but it looks like only 6 minutes have been archived.

Questions & Chat notes

  • What happens to the remaining money that doesn’t get doled out?
    We don’t know but we have created a plan to use it all. We remain hopeful
  • What happened to the locations that didn’t get bids from providers?
    OBD did direct negotiations with 20,000 locations to because no one bid on those areas in the competitive round
  • Note: Project data reflected on the map is subject to change until NTIA approves MN’s Final Proposal and grant contracts are executed with subgrantees.
  • Welcome Megan. So happy to have you on the team! Will OBD or NTIA make the Categorical exclusion (CatX) determinations? High level idea of what that will look like?
    OBD will help with exclusion determinations – working with ISPs to gather most of the info. Then OBD will work through the process. NTIA will make the final determination.
  • ISPs will not interface with the ESP, but rather OBD?
    Correct
  • Link to the OBD BEAD webpage: https://mn.gov/deed/programs-services/broadband/bead/
  • NTIA is having a webinar on Tuesday Sep 30 https://broadbandusa.ntia.gov/events/latest-events/permitting-broadband-infrastructure-projects
  • You are saying don’t start your project until final approval – we see 47 week in delays in getting fiber. We haven’t even looked at equipment. Can procurement start before final approval? Do we need waivers if prices are growing? Will they be reimbursable?
    There is some guidance in our draft – but it is still a draft/ There is language about what you can purchase in advance. It is up to the NTIA.
  • will you please put this deck on the webpage
    Yes – it will be posted shortly!
  • any other dates to mention besides Sept. 30 permitting?
    Not at this time

TC Business looks at Minnesota’s investment in broadband

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Twin Cities Business posted a nice article on the history of broadband funding in Minnesota right up to today. It provides enough background to give context to a topic that ever-changing due to the nature of technology and funding…

For more than a decade, the state of Minnesota has been actively pursuing expansion of high-speed broadband access throughout greater Minnesota as well as in the Twin Cities metro. And there have been some significant success stories. But as Sjostrom’s experience demonstrates, there are still plenty of areas where internet speeds are still sluggish.

On Aug. 28, the state’s Office of Broadband Development announced that it would be making plans to disburse an estimated $392 million to parts of the state needing faster internet connections. That funding will certainly help bring greater Minnesota up to speed. With their general lack of urban density, rural areas still face the challenge of making broadband investments financially viable.

The recognize that both urban and rural communities have challenges…

Broadband access and the urban-rural digital divide have been widely discussed topics throughout this century. The pandemic intensified reliance on the internet to conduct business, work from home, and make purchases. Consequently, it made high-speed internet access an even more urgent need.

And recognize the work being done to increase access and adoption…

The state of Minnesota began addressing the need for higher-speed internet in 2013, when it established the Office of Broadband Development within the Department of Employment and Economic Development. The office was tasked with helping fund “border-to-border” high-speed internet access for all state residents and businesses. The following year, it launched a grant program through the state’s general fund to support communities’ efforts to attract broadband development.

Since 2014, the general fund money, along with some broadband-dedicated capital project funds, has totaled more than $400 million. There have been 10 rounds of border-to-border state grants to internet service providers (ISPs) to expand broadband in “unserved and underserved” locations. Those terms are defined by connection speed as measured in megabits per second (Mbps). “Underserved” connectivity has upload speed of lower than 100 Mbps and download speed of lower than 20 Mbps. “Unserved” is lower than 25 up and lower than 3 down. To earn a state broadband grant, a project must have speeds of at least 100/25 with the capability to scale up over time to 100/100.

Each border-to-border grant has covered up to 50% of an expansion project’s costs. There also have been three grant rounds from a smaller funding bucket called the Low-Population Density Program, which covers 75% of costs. According to Bree Maki, the Office of Broadband Development’s executive director, that program “recognizes the most expensive and difficult places to serve,” with the goal of “making the business case” to ISPs to expand in those areas. These grants “come with a lot of local match [dollars],” she adds.

Both ISPs and communities have contributed to buildout projects. Since 2014, nearly 120,000 locations have received state grant dollars. There are currently four grant rounds in progress, all of which will close by year’s end.

They may have also quoted me…

Based on her December 2024 profiles, Treacy says that “there are a number of counties that are doing well, and some of those counties are in rural areas.” Beltrami County, for instance, has enjoyed high-speed broadband thanks to fiber installed by Bemidji-based Paul Bunyan Communications.

“While some rural areas are well served, that puts the ones that aren’t well served further and further behind,” Treacy says. “Schools, businesses, health care organizations all assume a certain level of technology now. And if you don’t have it, you’re sunk.”

 

 

Unintended tax law changes in 2017 mean BEAD grants will be taxable

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Broadband Breakfast reports…

President Trump has already set to work growing on the promise of the BEAD Program with the administration’s release of new broadband policies and a Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) for BEAD funds in June 2025.

Unintended consequences makes broadband grants taxable

But this promise is now in jeopardy. Unintended consequences resulting from changes in the federal tax law made broadband grants treated as taxable income. That means Washington is trying to claw back 20 to 30 percent of the grant funding that has been allocated to rural and last-mile broadband providers.

Instead of investing every dollar into finally connecting those who need access to broadband the most, providers will be forced to send money back to Washington, unless the president and Congress step in to help.

This is not just bad policy, it is devastating for American workers, rural communities, and taxpayers who deserve this connectivity. It will halt thousands of broadband projects across the country and cost tens-of-thousands of hardworking Americans their jobs.

Broadband providers will be forced to scale back, leaving hundreds of thousands of Americans, many in rural communities that strongly support President Trump without affordable internet access.

This isn’t exactly news but it’s resurfacing. Beyond Telecom Law wrote about it in Feb 2025 and March 2022…

In March 2022, we published a blog post explaining that broadband grants are apparently subject to federal income taxation. Three years later, and with $42.5 billion in BEAD grants on the verge of disbursement, nothing has changed.

As discussed in 2022, the taxability of broadband grants seems to be an unplanned quirk of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Prior to that, broadband grants were generally exempt from taxation based on a favorable IRS interpretation of Section 118 of the tax code. But the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act amended Section 118 to the effect that “contributions to capital” (including grants) made from governmental or civic groups to a corporation are taxable as gross income.

Recent recipients of state and federal broadband grants are already struggling with this. 

Minnesota maintains highest possible bond rating

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This feels broadband adjacent, from News from the States…

Minnesota has earned the highest possible bond rating from three of Wall Street’s major credit agencies, affirming the state’s strong financial position despite some concerning fiscal trends and uncertainty from the federal government.

Minnesota’s AAA bond rating, which it has maintained for four consecutive years, means that the state can borrow money cheaply to fund infrastructure projects.

Office of Broadband Development Updates: Task Force meets Sep 22, BIA has sessions for Tribal Networks

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From the Office of Broadband Development …

Broadband Matters: Office of Broadband Development Updates

  • Minnesota’s BEAD Final Proposal submitted to NTIA
  • Broadband Task Force, September monthly meeting
  • Line Extension Connection Program update
  • Updated guidance on broadband infrastructure development in Tribal Communities

Minnesota’s BEAD Final Proposal submitted to NTIA

As required by the Broadband, Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program, the Minnesota Office of Broadband Development (OBD) submitted its Final Draft Proposal to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), including the Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Commerce, on September 4, 2025. NTIA has committed to review and approve plans in 90 days.

OBD will continue to revise and update the documents as required by NTIA and necessary to ensure all BEAD eligible locations are served as defined by the policy notice.

Deployment and Technology-Type Results
As published in Minnesota’s Draft Final Proposal submitted to NTIA on September 4, 2025:

  • Infrastructure/Broadband Deployment: $391,611,699 (an increase from the previously reported posted draft of $381 million)
  • Technology Breakdown by Percentage and Location Count:
    • Fiber/Coax: 57.7% – 43,339 locations
    • Satellite: 24.8% – 18,651 locations
    • Fixed Wireless: 17.5% – 13,031 locations

Minnesota’s Draft of the Final Proposal and attachments can be found on the OBD BEAD webpage.

Line Extension Connection Program update

The window for residential and business sign-ups to be included in the bidding for Round 4 of the Line Extension Connection Program has closed. Registration will remain open for future rounds if and as funding is available.

OBD is preparing locations for the 10-day Line Extension Review and Challenge, which is anticipated to run from September 15 to September 24, 2025.

Updates will be posted as the are available to the OBD Line Extension webpage. Questions on Line Extension can be sent to deed.broadband@state.mn.us or (651)-259-7610.

Broadband Task Force, September monthly meeting

The Broadband Task Force will be meeting on Monday, September 22 at 1pm CST. This meeting will be held virtually and is open to anyone from the public to attend. The Teams link to join the meeting will be included as at the top of the meeting agenda, which will be posted along with other information on past meetings on the Broadband Task Force webpage.

Updated guidance on broadband infrastructure development in Tribal Communities

The Department of the Interior Office of the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs updated guidance on Streamlining the Rights-of-Way Application Processes for Broadband Infrastructure Projects Across Indian Trust and Restricted Land. Now, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) has seven business days to review an application and notify the Rights-of-Way applicant if any additional information is needed. The new policy also provides guidance on waivers of certain regulatory requirements.

Webinars are being offered to provide information on this new policy, which will be open to Indian Affairs staff, tribal realty staff, federally recognized tribes, tribal organizations, Alaska Native corporations, federal partners and industry.

The webinars will be held on:

Additional information is available on the BIA webpage.

MN Public Broadband Alliance meeting Sep 2025: Preparing for the future of BEAD in MN

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About 50 people shows up for the MN Public Broadband Alliance meeting in Le Sueur County, including broadband industry folks, elected officials and interesting community members. They heard from experts in the field (ncluding Gigi Sogn from AAPB and Ry Marcattillo from ILSR) and folks on the front lines. Asked good questions. We all appreciated the work that has been done in Minnesota regarding broadband, including work from the Blandin Foundation. We rallied to prepare for whatever may come down the BEAD pipeline and get better broadband to all MN residents.

Broadband Story in Le Sueur County

  • Met at a local broadband event
  • Became a BBC partner and then COVID hit
  • Did the BBC program online
  • Used some COVID funds to deploy/extend broadband in the area
  • Joined MPBA; appreciated Diane Wells’ expertise at monthly meeting

Micah Myers

  • Built fiber network in 1997
  • Works with many partners
  • Supported by Blandin

Bree Maki, OBD

  • Has been managing MN response to BEAD
  • Manages state dollars for broadband
  • Will close 55 grants this fall
  • Doing Line Extension again in upcoming weeks
  • Glad to have $381M in BEAD requests
  • The difficulty in MN is that we’ve built to any of the easier to reach (less expensive) locations, which leaves us with the most expensive to serve
  • Maps are adjusting all of the time
  • What will we do with “leftover” money? We’d like to do fiber but we don’t know what will qualify as non-deployment projects. We’re looking a things like wireless towers or multi-unit dwelling locations.

Chuck Ackman reads a letter from Senator Klobuchar –

MN Municipal Sector BB investments in MN (Barbara Droher Kline, Perry Mulcrone, Jeff Dahna, Micah Myers)

COFFEE BREAK

Gigi Sohn, American Association for Public Broadband

  • https://www.aapb.us/
  • Federal efforts to closer the digital divide – have left MN behind. MN communities are still waiting. But MN has the power to build it’s own broadband.
  • RDOF defaults in MN were overwhelming and tragic. Now BEAD, part of the bipartisan bill. Originally the focus was to let locals make decisions. Biden’s Admin took too long. Trump Admin changed that focus.
  • In MN 27,000 locations were left without a BEAD bid because 10 fiber providers walked away from BEAD rather than work within the ever-changing rules. Fixed is a long term fix Satellite and fixed wireless is not a long term solution.
  • Originally the left over money was meant to help people use broadband – like permitting and towers but not the Department of Commerce has been clear that they want to get the money back.
  • The feds have show in the past that they cannot distribute broadband funding. We need to listen. Under different parties, the federal control has been to micromanage and that doesn’t work.
  • MN has a long history of self-help. There are examples of locals building broadband. Community-owned/built networks work.
  • Broadband is expensive for a community. But broadband is an investment is supporting the community but also in revenue from the broadband network based either on fees collected or fees no longer paid by local government. Also municipal apps that require broadband can save money.
  • In MN young people are more likely to stay or move to a rural area if there is broadband in the community.

Questions:

Politics are cyclical. When the winds change, do you think there will be more funding?
No. Broadband funds came (in part) from COVID so unless we see another life-changing event, it seems unlikely.

Please talk about Digital Equity funding loss?
There was $3 billion for 3 digital equity programs: planning for states (that went out), state’s own efforts to get people online and nonprofits that would help across state (that funding was awarded but not distributed). 22 State Attorneys General are looking into how to turn that around.

Ry Marcattillo, ILSR introduces a dashboard tracking local government spending with MN broadband grants over the years.

Glenn Fishbine, Breaking Point Solutions

  • Local needs need local maps and data.
  • BAT teams would be helpful to get data to map.

Connected Nation unveils their interactive BEAD Tracker

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From Connected Nation:

Connected Nation unveiled its new interactive dashboard, the BEAD Tracker. The dashboard provides easy access to states’ plans for spending federal funds that were allocated through the federal Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment program’s Benefit of the Bargain round. The BEAD Tracker compiles and aggregates state BEAD final proposals, highlighting how each state and U.S. territory intends to use its allocated federal BEAD dollars. That includes the total number of locations that will be served in each state, the distribution of the kind of broadband technology being funded, and how many locations will be served by each internet service provider. In addition to seeing national statistics, the BEAD Tracker allows users to view information for individual states, as well as by broadband platform and even by individual ISPs.

And a few screenshots that might of interest to BoB readers…

Minnesota number:

OBD Updates Sep 8: BEAD final draft is in and comment period is closed

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From the Office of Broadband Development…

Office of Broadband Development BEAD Updates

  • Minnesota’s BEAD Final Proposal Submitted to NTIA
  • BEAD Public Comment Period Summary
  • BEAD Infrastructure Investment and Technology Distribution

Minnesota’s BEAD Final Proposal Submitted to NTIA

As required by the Broadband, Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program, the Minnesota Office of Broadband Development (OBD) submitted its Final Draft Proposal to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), including the Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Commerce, on September 4, 2025. NTIA has committed to review and approve plans in 90 days.

OBD will continue to revise and update the documents as required by NTIA and necessary to ensure all BEAD eligible locations are served as defined by the policy notice.

The Final Proposal and its attachments are available now on the OBD BEAD webpage.

BEAD Public Comment Period Summary

The public comment period for Minnesota’s Draft Final Proposal was open from August 28 to September 3, 2025, in accordance with NTIA guidance.

OBD welcomed public input through multiple channels – online, by phone, and via email, in addition to hosting five in-person listening sessions across the state, along with a virtual event for Tribal partners.

OBD extends its sincere appreciation to everyone who submitted comments or joined the in-person sessions held in Hutchinson, Owatonna, Bemidji, Fergus Falls, and Duluth. Your ongoing support and engagement are truly valued.

A special thank you to the host sites for their collaboration: Southwest Initiative Foundation, Southern Minnesota Initiative Foundation, Northwest Minnesota Foundation, West Central Initiative Foundation, and Northspan.

BEAD Infrastructure Investment and Technology Distribution

Deployment and Technology-Type Results
As published in Minnesota’s Draft Final Proposal submitted to NTIA on September 4, 2025:

  • Infrastructure/Broadband Deployment: $391,611,699 (an increase from the previously reported posted draft of $381 million)
  • Technology Breakdown by Percentage and Location Count:
    • Fiber/Coax: 57.7% – 43,339 location
    • Satellite: 24.8% – 18,651 locations
    • Fixed Wireless: 17.5% – 13,031 locations

Minnesota’s Draft of the Final Proposal and attachments can be found on the OBD BEAD webpage.

Comcast has more winning BEAD applications (so far) compared to other large wireline operators

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Fierce Network reports…

The Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment (BEAD) program process is chugging along, as roughly half of the 56 states and territories have now released deployment plans and grant awards. While fiber remains the preferred technology, it’s a cable operator that’s amassed the most funds so far.

Comcast came out on top of the other large wireline operators, scoring $745 million to cover approximately 127,000 locations across 25 states, per New Street Research’s analysis. The company plans to use a mix of fiber and hybrid-fiber coax (HFC) for its BEAD bids.

Given deploying HFC is cheaper than end-to-end fiber, NSR expects more cable companies to participate in the program. Charter meanwhile received just $160 million for 35,000 locations, though the operator has said it intends to spend less on BEAD than it did for Rural Digital Opportunity Fund (RDOF) projects.

The Minnesota Draft BEAD Proposal include the following for Comcast…

  • Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC
    Number of projects: 3
    BEAD support: $31,849,085.18
    Local Match: $23,892,462.90
    Locations: 2760
    Counties: Scott, Washington, Wright

NTIA reports  36 out of 56 states and territories have submitted BEAD proposals

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NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration) reports…

The Department of Commerce’s National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) today announced that 36 out of 56 states and territories have submitted Final Proposals that outline how they will use Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) funding to close broadband gaps and connect all Americans to high-speed internet.

“After years of delay, the Trump Administration has made monumental progress in moving the BEAD program forward,” said Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information and NTIA Administrator Arielle Roth. “We appreciate the hard work of the 36 states that have submitted their Final Proposals, and we are eager to review these plans so that we can deliver on Secretary Lutnick’s goal of approving deployment projects by the end of the year and immediately begin connecting Americans across the country.”

In June, NTIA issued the BEAD Restructuring Policy Notice, which removed extralegal regulatory burdens and implemented critical reforms to lower costs, speed up deployment, and ensure all technology solutions were considered. States and other eligible entities had until Sept. 4, 2025, to comply with the Notice and conduct an additional subgrantee selection round that delivered the Benefit of the Bargain for American taxpayers.

In the plans submitted today, states are already projecting savings of at least $13 billion for American taxpayers – driven by a rise in participation by the private sector, increased matching commitments by subgrantees, and a surge of innovative technology solutions to deliver high-speed connectivity.

NTIA has committed to completing its review of the Final Proposals within 90 days of submission. The remaining 20 eligible entities have been granted short-term extensions and will be submitting their Final Proposals in the coming weeks.

Rural Broadband Cooperatives ask US Congress to rethink the Universal Service Fund

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Broadband Breakfast reports…

Rural broadband executives told lawmakers Wednesday that Congress must modernize the Universal Service Fund to keep small town networks affordable and sustainable.

“USF doesn’t just cover network construction, but also ongoing operations, maintenance, and upgrades,” said witness Karen Jackson-Furman, CEO of West Kentucky and Tennessee Telecommunications Cooperative. For a rural co-op like WK&T, she added, the program was often “the difference between operating and not operating.”

Her testimony came during a hearing of the House Committee on Small Business centered on how expanding broadband may revitalize rural, small businesses. Lawmakers and witnesses also discussed permitting delays, flawed federal mapping, and the Trump administration’s changes to the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment program that removed its emphasis on fiber technology.

EVENT Sep 10: New Research Getting to Broadband Adoption for All

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From the Benton Institute for Broadband & Society…

Join us on September 10 at 2:00 p.m. ET for a webinar on broadband affordability and policy. Available via the Benton Institute for Broadband & Society’s YouTube page, the webinar will feature new research about broadband affordability and state legislative approaches to ensure the availability of affordable high-speed internet access. The discussion will highlight how broadband affordability, availability, and adoption relate to each other and present current and future opportunities to improve universal access.

Current federal investment in broadband infrastructure will go a long way to improve broadband availability, but it must be accompanied by affordability support if all Americans are to adopt broadband service. The expiration of the Affordable Connectivity Program in 2024, recent changes to the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program’s requirements for a low-cost service option, and possible reforms to the Universal Service Fund have all influenced the current landscape.

Dr. Caroline Stratton, Research Director of the Benton Institute for Broadband & Society, will moderate a discussion with:

  • Dr. John Horrigan, Benton Senior Fellow and national expert on technology adoption, digital inclusion, and evaluating the outcomes and impacts of programs designed to promote communications technology adoption and use. Horrigan will share insights from his recent research reports, Budgeting for Broadband and Marking Progress, Targeting Gaps: Lessons from Broadband Adoption Trends, and his past research on the Lifeline Program.
  • Jordan Arnold, Master of Public Affairs candidate at Princeton University. She previously served as a Senior Policy Advisor in the Biden-Harris White House, where she led work on broadband and economic development in the Office of the Chief of Staff. Arnold will present lessons from her new Benton research report about how states are approaching affordability in the absence of federal policy action.
  • Ambika Nair, Community Development Research Analyst at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, conducts research and data analysis on the financial well-being of low- and moderate-income communities. Nair will share findings from a forthcoming publication about the relative affordability of broadband in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods in U.S. cities.

Tune in to learn more about what the practitioner and policymaking communities can do to ensure that low-income households can afford reliable, sustainable access to broadband internet service.