Broadband on the farm

Robert Bell is one of the co-founders of the Intelligent Community Forum (ICF). They give out Intelligent Rural Community awards. The ICF framework has served as an underpinning for the Blandin Foundation’s Minnesota Intelligent Rural Communities initiative. Last week, Robert asked a great question in his blog…

What Do Rural People Need Broadband For Anyway?

He starts by pointing out that..

according to the USDA, that 70% of farms with sales of at least a quarter million dollars use the Internet for farm business. Slightly over 40% of smaller farms are also online.

Robert uses a couple of examples of how farmers use broadband for tasks from communication with government and other businesses, pest control, sales and marketing and combatting loneliness.

Albert Lea sharing tech service with Freeborn County

Thanks to Ann Higgins for the heads up on what’s happening in Albert Lea and Freeborn County. According to the Albert Lea Tribune

The Albert Lea City Council on Monday approved another step toward sharing information technology services with Freeborn County. The collaboration is expected to save the city more than $6,000 a year.

The action was an amendment to a previous information technology sharing agreement between the two entities.
It allows Freeborn County to provide the city with Internet for $150 per month, plus an additional $49 monthly fee for the connection to the state router.

It will upgrade the city’s current Internet from 3 megabytes to 50 megabytes.

All city business locations, including City Hall, City Arena, City Garage and the Wastewater Treatment Plant will be serviced.

It feeds into the trend of activity happening on the county level.

Six more Southeastern Minnesota towns getting fiber

Here’s the latest from a press release from Calix

Calix, Inc. today announced that Hiawatha Broadband Communications (HBC) has selected the Calix Unified Access portfolio to move Fiber Forward and bring advanced broadband services to six additional communities in southeastern Minnesota. HBC will deploy gigabit passive optical network (GPON) and point-to-point gigabit Ethernet (GE) technologies across primarily the Ethernet eXtensible Architecture (EXA) Powered Calix E7 Ethernet Service Access Platform (ESAP) and the Calix 700GE family of optical network terminals (ONTs) to deliver video, voice, and ultra-fast broadband speeds to residents and businesses in the region. HBC’s fiber access network extension plans cover a wide swath of the area, including the communities of Red Wing, Lake City, Plainview, Elgin, Eyota, and Dover. With this expansion, HBC has now deployed Calix fiber access infrastructure across five Minnesota counties and 14 communities, and manages network operations and acts as network operations consultants to a variety of other cities across the country where Calix fiber access systems are deployed.

And from the same press release, a perspective from Gary Evans, HBC CEO…

“We are extremely excited for these six new deployments, not only because they significantly expand our footprint, but because the communities have been working diligently with us in public-private partnerships to make this happen,” said Gary Evans, president and CEO of HBC. “Calix has been a key partner in our success over the years, working closely with us virtually every step of the way. Partnerships like the one we have with Calix are the way business should be done, where the goals of the vendor, the service provider, and the community are totally aligned and in sync, resulting in a happy and growing subscriber base.”

And a little history on HBC and broadband in their area…

HBC has been a major catalyst for change in southeastern Minnesota over the last decade, bringing advanced broadband to the region when others would not. Its initial broadband services deployment in Winona was a model that many cities in the region and around the country wanted to emulate — often proactively reaching out to HBC to extend its model into their communities. After its broadband stimulus application for a number of communities in the region was turned down in January of 2010, HBC and its Board decided to move forward, leveraging many of the engineering plans originally drafted for the stimulus plan to pull fiber throughout six targeted communities and dedicating $20 million in funding to the project, of which only a portion is for access equipment. As HBC’s footprint has grown, it has continued to expand its service offerings, from basic voice, video, and data services to advanced VOIP offerings, increasingly high Internet speeds, robust internet protocol television (IPTV) services, and now a new over-the-top (OTT) video service with content licensed from Vivicast and aioTV as the application software to bring premium entertainment to portable devices like tablets, smartphones, computers, and increasingly smart televisions.

PUC Meeting on Frontier – role of state broadband goals

Earlier this week I attended the PUC meeting where they talked about approving businesses for certification to receive Universal Service Funds and the talked about modifying Frontier’s AFOR. The AFOR – alternative form of regulation – is a contract that allows a company to earn income at a higher rate in trade for adhering to higher service standards.

These are separate issues. I took full notes, which I’ll include below – but I thought most folks might enjoy the Readers Digest version.

First – Eligible Telecommunications Carriers were looking to be approved to be certified to receive USF. There was some hubbub on what kind of information related to USF should be made public – but in the end all were approved.

The second issue was more contentious. I did a quick explanation last week:

Frontier (a wholly owned subsidiary of Citizens Communications Company) has been operating under its own Alternative Form of Regulation (AFOR) since approved in 2007. They would like to join Citizens’ currently active AFOR plan, which was approved in 2008. Apparently Citizens’ AFOR plan was actually adopted from Frontier’s AFOR plan and is active until 2012. Frontier wants to join it and extend it until 2014. One hiccup is that there is supposed to be an expiration date of sorts on these plans, which sounds like 3 years with an option of a one-year extension. The idea being that it requires companies (and interested partied) to reassess the AFOR plan periodically.

Not to ruin the ending – but the ruling was made to hold the decision in abeyance while the Department of Commerce and Frontier worked on updating/modifying the AFOR they would like to adopt.

The PUC Commissioners seemed to focus on a couple of issues to come to this decision:

  • Frontier has received very few complaints and has met standards in the past
  • Three years is a long time in telecommunications
  • The Legislature has set broadband goals since the last AFOR was approved and it was important to revisit the AFOR with that in mind

It was very promising to see the impact of the Broadband Law and state goals!

The representative from Frontier talked about their DSL service, noting a couple of time that they provide broadband to all of their exchanges and reach more than 90 percent of their homes served. The representative from the Department of Commerce mentioned that the State is looking for ubiquitous coverage at speeds of 10-20Mbps down and 5-10 Mbps up. So they may have some challenges ahead of them in terms of creating an AFOR that will make them all happy.

Here are the full notes… Continue reading

Broadband levels the playing field – if you have it

Yesterday I attended the groundbreaking in Anoka County. They were celebrating the progress of their ARRA-funded fiber project managed by the County and Zayo Group. The event was well attended. I was a little late because a PUC meeting ran late – but I was in time to hear from local businesses about the impact they expected from fiber. I also heard Robyn West talk about the project. Robyn was on the original Minnesota Broadband Task Force. She also spoke of the economic development benefits of fiber. It was clear to see that folks were most interested in jobs and the economy and that fiber was touted as a tool for attracting or creating both.

I was also able to catch John Real, Zayo Networks Vice President. One of the striking things he said was that broadband – especially in a rural area – can really level the playing field. *If* you have access to it.

You can get more info, video and pictures on the Connect Anoka County site.

Comcast Internet Essentials comes to the Twin Cities

Over the summer, we reported on Comcast’s Internet Essentials project, which offers reduced cost broadband for families with children in the National School Lunch program. Today the Pioneer Press announces that Comcast will be unveiling the program in the Twin Cities…

Comcast, the largest cable operator in the Twin Cities and the nation, on Thursday will use St. Paul’s Neighborhood House as the backdrop to unveil a program offering fast Internet access to low-income Twin Cities families for $10 a month.

The Pioneer Press reports some of the specifics of the program…

The families will be able to sign up for Economy Tier service for $9.95 a month instead of the usual $27 to $40 a month that Comcast charges around the country, Schubert said.

But did not know how many families would be able to take advantage of the opportunity…

Comcast estimates that 2 million to 3 million households with children in the free or reduced-price lunch program across the country could be eligible for its program, Twin Cities spokeswoman Schubert said.

The Twin Cities has 92,500 students enrolled in the federal lunch program, but Comcast does not know how many households may be eligible locally or how many will respond to the offer, Schubert said.

Northern Broadband Networks Forum – October 4

Thought folks might be interested…

Northern Broadband Networks Forum: Driving Business Development and innovation

Northern Broadband Networks Forum
Tuesday October 4, 2011
Registration 2:30-3:00 pm
Conference: 3:00-6:30 pm
Networking Reception: 5:00-6:30 pm

Holiday Inn – Duluth Downtown Conference Center
Connecting the Region
Connecting the World
Connecting Everyone

RSVP by September 23 to Ashley Frestedt at afrestedt@mnpower.com

$250 million of high speed fiber”
How will you find new markets?
Improve customer access?
Lower operating costs?
Spark innovation?

Agenda:
Introductory Comments
Middle Mile/Last Mile Networks
Business Opportunities Through Fiber
Your Next Steps

Networking Reception 5:00-6:30 pm
Featuring
Broadband and Technology Service Providers
Complimentary hors d’oeuvres
Cash bar

Companies interested in displays at the reception, please contact Bill Coleman bill@communitytechnologyadvisors.com

Lake County moves forward with fiber

The Duluth News Tribune reports…

In what was characterized as a “rubber-stamp” approval, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission OK’d Lake Communications’ application for the authority to provide broadband fiber-optic service in Lake and St. Louis counties.

Lake Communications is the two-man team hired by the county to run an Internet, telephone and television service using $66 million in funds from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Utilities Service. The county is adding $3.5 million in matching funds.

After running into some roadblocks it sounds like the Lake County project is on its way. You can also track progress of the projects by looking into the expenses approved for the project in the unofficial Lake County Board notes. Here’s a sample:

MOTION BERGMAN, SECOND CLIFFORD: 18 – Authorize payment in the amount of $16,525.06 to JSR Professional Services for fiber optic project management for the period of July 14-August 14, 2011. Absent:
Jones

MOTION BERGMAN, SECOND CLIFFORD: 19 – Authorize payment in the amount of $3,678.28 to GRSsr Telecommunications Consulting, LLC for the period of July 14-August 14, 2011. Absent: Jones

MOTION BERGMAN, SECOND CLIFFORD: 24 – Authorize payment in the amount of $82,830.56 to Compass Consultants for fiber optic project engineering professional services through July 16, 2011. Absent: Jones

It’s good to see that the project is moving forward – and it’s good to see that the ARRA funding is appearing to fund jobs as well as broadband.

Connect Anoka County Groundbreaking – Sep 13

Last week I mentioned the Anoka Groundbreaking – but I just got more details…

Anoka County and Zayo will break ground on the Connect Anoka County high-speed fiber broadband project Tuesday, September 13, 2011.

What: Connect Anoka County groundbreaking
When: Tuesday, September 13, 1:30-3:00 p.m. Where: Connexus Energy, 14601 Ramsey Blvd, Ramsey, Minnesota 55303
Who: This event is open to the public. Come celebrate this project milestone!

Connect Anoka County is a partnership of Anoka County and Zayo. The project was awarded $13,382,593 in July 2010 from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), to expand fiber broadband connectivity across the county.

The groundbreaking will feature comments from key stakeholders including Bill Grant, Deputy Commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Commerce; Sandeep Taxali, federal program officer for the National Telecommunications and Information Administration‟s (NTIA) Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP); Charlie Kratsch, Founder and CEO of Infinite Campus; John Real, Zayo Networks Vice President; and Anoka County Commissioners Jim Kordiak and Robyn West.

Get more details on the project

Intelligent Community Forum Competition Deadline

I would love to see Minnesota communities dominate the Intelligent Community Forum (ICF) list so I’m so glad that Ann Higgins sent me info on the upcoming ICF application deadline.

Here is some info on the ICF Award taken from their web site…

Description. Awarded to communities or regions with a documented strategy for creating a local prosperity and inclusion using broadband and information technology to attract leading-edge businesses, stimulate job creation, build skills, generate economic growth, and improve the delivery of government services. Evaluation of nominations is based on ICF’s Intelligent Community Indicators, which provide the first conceptual framework for understanding all of the factors that determine a community’s competitiveness and point to its success in the Broadband Economy.

The Intelligent Community Forum framework has been the underpinning of the Blandin-led, ARRA-funded Minnesota Intelligent Rural Community (MIRC). There’s a lot of helpful info on the MIRC that might spur any community interested in the framework or the award. Or you might take a look at what Dakota Future has been doing. They have made the ICF short list (Smart 21) for a couple of years now!

Minnesota connections to the NATOA Awards

Thanks to Ann Higgins on the heads up on the local angle on the National Association of Telecommunications Officers and Advisors (NATOA) awards. According to the NATOA web site

These honors are awarded to exceptional leaders and innovative programs that champion community interests and broadband deployment in local communities nationwide.

There were two Minnesota connections in the honorable mentions…

  • Chris Mitchell of the Institute for Local Self-Reliance
  • Northeast Minnesota Middle Mile Fiber Project

Congrats to both!

PUC Meeting September 13 – Frontier on the agenda

The Minnesota PUC is meeting on Tuesday (September 13). The final two agenda items may be of interest to some readers:

First the Local Exchange Companies item

*P999/PR-11-329 Local Exchange Companies;
Eligible Telecommunications Carriers
In the Matter of Annual Certifications Related to Eligible Telecommunications Carriers’ (ETCs) Use of the Federal Universal Service Support.
A. Should the Commission approve all petitioning ETCs’ requests for certification?
B. Should the Commission direct all Petitioning ETCs to supply USF support received in the previous year as public information? (PUC: Briefing Papers – Brion)

The short answer: The recommendation is that those who applied for certification to receive Universal Service Funds (USF) receive certification. They also recommend that the ETCs agree to make data public or provide addition information explaining why that data should be allowed to remain private.

Here are a couple of highlights from the briefing paper:

Based on the documentation filed by the ETCs and from USAC data, Staff learned that in 2010, Minnesota ETCs received approximately $105 million in High Cost support, up from $81 million of the earlier year.

Staff recommends that the Commission certify that, based on the information provided, that all the petitioning ETCs will use Federal High-Cost USF support received in 2011 only for the provision, maintenance and upgrading of facilities and services for which the support is intended. Attachment 1 contains a draft of the Commission’s certification to the FCC and the USAC, with the list of the petitioning ETCs.

Second Frontier – even the PUC notes indicate that this item will be “a disputed item or significant legal or procedural issue to be resolved.”

**6 P405/AR-11-562 Frontier Communications of Minnesota, Inc.
In the Matter of Frontier Communications of Minnesota’s Proposal to Join an Existing AFOR Plan of its Corporate Affiliate Citizens Telecommunications of Minnesota.
What action should the Commission take regarding Frontier’s proposal to join an existing AFOR plan of Citizens Telecommunications of Minnesota? (PUC: Briefing Papers – Krishnan)

Frontier (a wholly owned subsidiary of Citizens Communications Company) has been operating under its own Alternative Form of Regulation (AFOR) since approved in 2007. They would like to join Citizens’ currently active AFOR plan, which was approved in 2008. Apparently Citizens’ AFOR plan was actually adopted from Frontier’s AFOR plan and is active until 2012. Frontier wants to join it and extend it until 2014. One hiccup is that there is supposed to be an expiration date of sorts on these plans, which sounds like 3 years with an option of a one-year extension. The idea being that it requires companies (and interested partied) to reassess the AFOR plan periodically.

Here’s an excerpt from the briefing paper that helped me track the issue…

The DOC noted that while an AFOR plan may be extended only once during its tenure, as Minn. Stat. §237.766 subd. 3(a) provides that “a plan may only be extended once,” there is no statutory limit as to the number of times one company may adopt the AFOR plan of another company. An affiliated company is not subject to tenure limitation and, as affiliated companies, Citizens and Frontier could continue, as their AFORs expire, to adopt one another’s AFOR plan into perpetuity, effectively extending their existing AFORs again and again.

The issue is restated…

The DOC observed that for Citizens and Frontier to have what constitutes a ‘life-term” for their AFOR plans, at their own discretion, is not in the public interest.

The DOC argued that if Frontier’s current petition is approved, Frontier will essentially be permitted to extend its own AFOR Plan for a period of three years (with an option to extend for a fourth year), for a total of eight years from the date that the Frontier Plan was initially approved on September 25, 2007. Further, conceivably, as affiliated companies, Citizens and Frontier could continue, as their AFORs terminate, to adopt one another’s AFOR plan into perpetuity, effectively extending their existing AFORs again and again, whereas Minn. Stat. 237.766, Subd. 3 (b) places a limit of one-time extension for a new AFOR plan.

The  plan also leaves some issues that may not be in the public’s interest…

The DOC noted that the adoption of Citizens’ investment plan by Frontier leaves the investment plan old (and as such no plan for the future at all) and concluded that Frontier is essentially stating that its investment plan has not changed and will not change for an additional four years. The DOC faulted Frontier’s investment plan for not making future commitments.

Another public interest issue raised by the DOC concerns access charges. The DOC argued that while reductions in access charges may be addressed in another forum, an AFOR plan that guarantees recovery of lost access revenue with an increase to basic local rates or the imposition of a flat monthly end-user charge or surcharge of equivalent value may not be in the public interest when extended over an eight year (or more) period of time. The DOC further asked that the Commission weigh the impact on ratepayers of the continuation, potentially ad infinitum, of a plan which contains guarantees of revenue neutrality to the Company, but no corresponding, measurable commitments of any significance, and determine whether such a plan is beneficial to the public.

Frontier rebutted DOC’s assertions. They also pointed out that outside of the DOC, no one has commented on the proposal, the DOC’s comments did not identify failings in past performance and Frontier has exceeded service quality obligations under the current AFOR.

The PUC Staff recommendation lean towards the DOC remarks. (You can read through the briefing papers for the specifics.) There was one section that caught my eye…

Regarding the proposed investment plan, Staff does not believe Frontier has fully incorporated the telecommunications goals as framed in Minn. Stat. 237.011 or the broadband goals in Minn. Stat. 237.012.

237.011 TELECOMMUNICATIONS GOALS.
The following are state goals that should be considered as the commission executes its regulatory duties with respect to telecommunication services:
(3) encouraging economically efficient deployment of infrastructure for higher speed telecommunication services and greater capacity for voice, video, and data transmission;
(4) encouraging fair and reasonable competition for local exchange telephone service in a competitively neutral regulatory manner;
… [Also includes speed and ranking goals, which I’ve omitted in deference to space]

Staff agrees with the DOC that the Commission should convene a settlement process and encourage Frontier and the DOC to reach a settlement/stipulation. If the Commission so decides, the Commission may also refer the Staff’s concern regarding access charge recovery proposal and investment goals to be discussed in the negotiations.

I can see the significance of the issues as noted by the PUC. I think the procedural issue is a biggie especially with an industry that is ever-changing like telecommunications. I think this will also be an opportunity to encourage a private provider to invest or at least engage in discussion of the Minnesota Broadband Goals.

My plan is to attend the PUC meeting and take notes.

Fall Broadband Conference: Registration now open

Details and registration is now available and I wanted to post for folks asap…

Registration is now open for the 2011 Broadband Conference,November 16-17 at Greysolon Ballroom in Duluth, Minnesota. This year the Blandin Foundation and Connect Minnesota join forces to provide conference goers a snapshot of policy and progress being made both inside Minnesota’s borders and on the national level. Learn more

The 2011 Broadband Conference will:

  • update you on best practices for increasing broadband availability and adoption being developed by ARRA-funded projects statewide;
  • connect you with national and regional experts to discuss what’s going on in Washington and how the changes in federal policies will affect our state’s efforts;
  • equip you with new resources and opportunities to use in planning and decision-making to further increase broadband use and adoption in your community.

The Conference will feature a slate of prominent national and regional experts, among other invited guests:

  • Aneesh Chopra, Federal Chief Technology Officer – invited
  • Tom Koutsky, Connected Nation
  • Robert Bell, Intelligent Community
  • Brent Legg, Connect Minnesota
  • Tom Gibbons, College of St. Scholastica

Join people from across the state and nation for two days of sharing, learning and building border to border connections.
Click here to Register for the 2011 Broadband Conference

Update on AT&T T-Mobile merger

It’s been a while since I posted an update on the AT&T T-Mobile merger but a few folks has asked recently so I thought I’d try to pull together what some folks are saying and the proposed merger of two of the four largest national providers of mobile wireless services.

First – the latest activity. On August 31, 2011, the Department of Justice filed an anti-trust lawsuit to block AT&T’s acquisition of T-Mobile. The Department of Justice explains their move…

The Department of Justice today filed a civil antitrust lawsuit to block AT&T Inc.’s proposed acquisition of T-Mobile USA Inc. The department said that the proposed $39 billion transaction would substantially lessen competition for mobile wireless telecommunications services across the United States, resulting in higher prices, poorer quality services, fewer choices and fewer innovative products for the millions of American consumers who rely on mobile wireless services in their everyday lives.

The department’s lawsuit, filed in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, seeks to prevent AT&T from acquiring T-Mobile from Deutsche Telekom AG.

“The combination of AT&T and T-Mobile would result in tens of millions of consumers all across the United States facing higher prices, fewer choices and lower quality products for mobile wireless services,” said Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole. “Consumers across the country, including those in rural areas and those with lower incomes, benefit from competition among the nation’s wireless carriers, particularly the four remaining national carriers. This lawsuit seeks to ensure that everyone can continue to receive the benefits of that competition.”

Reaction to that lawsuit has really cemented the pros and cons as well as friends and foes of the merger.

Who’s for the merger?

Other large tech companies have apparently rallied around the idea of the merger as a means to build a better network more quickly. WIRED reports

Sadly, some of the nation’s biggest tech players rallied to AT&T’s defense. Facebook, Yahoo, and Microsoft, among others, filed a petition in support of the merger, buying into AT&T’s threat not to build out a nationwide 4G network unless it got to buy T-Mobile.

Some folks have used the merger as a jumping point to open the spectrum discussion. Jeff Kagan, from E-Commerce Times points out that the merger is just an attempt to get more spectrum – a resource in scarce supply, which the author suggests should be reallocated…

If we are to survive, we have to come up with a bold solution. A wider hose. Otherwise the entire industry will face the same problems AT&T has been dealing with in recent years. So one idea is to take the spectrum back and pool it into a large group. Let every carrier and handset maker access it all. That way if one band is blocked because of heavy usage, the phone and the network can simply use another band. Simple solution.

In a very backhanded way, CNN Money points out that the merger has the potential to save money.

On page 51 of a long filing with the FCC in support of the merger, AT&T did get around to describing how the deal would save it $3 billion a year starting three years after it was complete. One of the ways will be “optimizing” the combined company’s retail and distribution networks (a process that traditionally involves more firing than hiring).

Unfortunately this is sort of a double-edged sword at a time when what the economy is really screaming for is jobs from private business – not saving and downsizing. Also, AT&T is saying that the merger will create jobs…

If the deal is approved, AT&T today said that it will be able to “bring back” 5,000 call center jobs to the United States that are currently outsourced to other countries. In addition, the company said that it doesn’t anticipate any job losses for U.S.-based call center workers after the merger closes.

Who’s against the merger?

The Center for Media Justice calls the Department of Justice block a major victory…

“Blocking this merger is a major victory for communities of color, rural communities and America’s poor. The Justice Department has taken seriously our real concerns about higher prices, fewer choices and massive job loss. This is the best possible end to our August Month of Action Against the Merger. The people spoke, and the Justice Department listened.”

Some maintain that Sprint must be happy with the delay – but even more interesting it outlines some of the issues facing mobile industry these days – like smartphone relationships and 4G networks…

But the most pressing issue facing Sprint, the analysts say, is its need to build a fourth-generation, or 4G, wireless network

WIRED also maintains that T-Mobile customers are happy to see the block..

“I’m so happy that I don’t have to be an AT&T customer.”

Again this important factor here is in the implication that T-Mobile is friendlier to customers. The Legal Talk Network also made that assertion and part of the concern for folks who are worried is that service will be adversely effected with a merger. T-Mobile is called out as a “disruptive factor” in the industry in terms of providing lower costs that have an impact on the prices competitors can charge.

I’m not sure how the lawsuit will end up – it was interesting to get a glimpse of the Judge Huville, who is presiding over the case. It will be interesting to see what happens next.

Fiber – Why not Redwood County?

Thanks to John Shepard for sending me a great editorial from the Redwood Gazette (September 6, 2011 – it doesn’t appear to be available online). The Redwood County EDA has been having public meetings and spurring discussion about broadband. In August the community decided they would like to take a step closer with a feasibility study.

Editor Tony Krause recognizes the importance and advantages of fiber in his column…

Dialup Internet service is no longer good enough … experts know the true Cadillac of the Internet world is in fiber.

I think he brings up an important question…

A visioin of having fiber available to every home, farm, school and business in the Redwood area seems a bit lofty, but when you see others are doing it we have to ask the question.

Why not us, too?

That’s where many communities are heading. When thinking of the future, communities no longer have to look at the reasons for fiber, because I think that case has been made. I think they have to look at the why-not – at the reasons not to have fiber. Are those reasons compelling? Are they short-term? Are they insurmountable? What’s the cost of not moving forward?