Roberto Gallardo of Purdue University has a new study (An Evolving Digital Divide:
Measuring and Understanding Mobile-Dependent Households (MDH)) out looking at folks with mobile-only access to broadband…

Despite unprecedented broadband investment, the share of U.S. households relying solely on cellular data and mobile devices or mobile-dependent households (MDH) increased from 11.9 to 14.1 percent between 2019 and 2024. This report introduces the MDH concept, which captures
the “double whammy” of limited data and limited screen size, and examines its determinants before and after the COVID-19 pandemic using Census tract-level data. Results indicate that the share of the population with any disability, households with a lack of internet access, income, educational attainment, and homeownership are among the strongest factors associated with mobile dependence, with several associations shifting in strength post-pandemic. As communities implement BEAD-funded broadband projects, these findings suggest that connecting households is insufficient if that connectivity comes through the most constrained pathway available.

I’ve been looking at reports about computer vs phone vs tablet access for years. I am acutely reminded of the difference on vacation. I can do many things on my phone, and in a pinch, I could do my job but it’s much more difficult. Roberto looked at 5-Year American Community Survey (ACS) dataset ending in 2019 and in 2024 to view mobile-only access.

Here are some images of what it looks like

His conclusions…

To summarize, this report introduces the concept of mobile-dependent households experiencing the “double whammy” of relying solely on cellular data and mobile devices and examines the factors associated with this growing population before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Recalling that the share of MDH increased from 11.9 to 14.1 percent between 2019 and 2024, a period of unprecedented federal broadband investment. This growth, combined with the expanding footprint of high-high clusters shown in the LISA maps, suggests that infrastructure deployment alone does not resolve the structural conditions pushing households toward mobile-only connectivity. This is
important to keep in mind as the Broadband Equity Access and Deployment (BEAD) investments across the country start to materialize and the future of the Digital Equity Act funds, which targets skills and devices is uncertain.

Several post-pandemic shifts stand out: the metro-nonmetro gap widened as metro tracts gained a significant negative association with MDH by 2024; disability’s association with MDH strengthened substantially, reflecting the consequences of essential services moving to digital platforms that small screens and capped data plans cannot adequately support; the no-internet association also
strengthened, indicating that where fixed broadband is absent, the households that do come online are increasingly doing so through mobile; income’s association strengthened as well, consistent with fixed broadband becoming more of a premium good in the post-pandemic economy; and the
association with the share of the population aged 65 or older disappeared entirely, suggesting that older adults who entered the digital world during the pandemic did so disproportionately through smartphones rather than fixed broadband. Notably, blue-collar occupations, while still positively associated with MDH in both years, weakened in strength, possibly reflecting that broadband expansion reached more blue-collar communities post-pandemic even as afordability became a more dominant barrier.

And cutting to the chase…

In moving beyond the question of whether households are linked to how they are connected, this report reveals that a growing share of American households experience a second-class form of digital participation. As Napoli and Obar (2014) warned over a decade ago, treating mobile access as equivalent to fixed broadband risks rendering this growing population invisible. The MDH concept makes them visible.